The
computer programs are the means used by human beings for communication with the
machines especially the computers. As you all know, programs or the software
contain instructions for the hardware to accept inputs, to process those inputs
according to the instructions and to produce information as per the
instructions contained in the program. The term ‘programming’ today is used to
define the solution to a specific problem to be solved with the help of
programs and it is said to define its solutions in terms of its design,
creation, testing, debugging, implementation and its maintenance. Throughout
the history of programming, ever increasing complexity of the problems to be
solved using computers has encouraged the researchers and developers to evolve
better means to manage this complexity. Complexity and intended areas of
application coupled with some other factors have led to the evolution of a
number of programming paradigms. Various programming languages are in use today
depending upon various existing programming paradigms. The structured
programming and the Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) paradigms are the two
paradigms that have been drawing attention of programmers for last so many
years. The term OOP was used by Xerox PARC for the first time in its
programming language, Smalltalk referring to the usage of objects as
computational units for processing. The language Smalltalk itself got its
inspiration from another OOP language called Simula 67 developed under the
aegis of Simula Project in late 60s. The feature of inheritance introduced for
the first time in Smalltalk allowed it to surpass both Simula 67 as well as
other analog programming systems. Simula 67 and Smalltalk paved the way for
many other OOP languages including C++ by 1980s.
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